Honors Chemistry Review Topics

Chapter 4:  Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry

Aqueous solutions:  solvent, solute

Electrolytes (free ions in solution) and conductivity

            Strong:  Soluble ionic compounds - Dissociation

                           Covalent or Molecular compounds: approx 100% Ionized

            Weak:    Polar molecular compounds – partially ionized, ions are in equilibrium

   with molecules

Non-electrolytes:

            Polar covalent compounds that dissolve in water but don’t ionize.

            Non-polar covalent compounds: won’t even dissolve in water

“Likes Dissolve Likes”  - polar or ionic dissolve in polar or ionic (have slight to full charges)
Non-polar dissolve in non-polar (don’t have any charges)

Solubility – maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a solvent at a given temp.

Metathesis Reactions (aka Ionic Exchange or Double Displacement)

            Driving forces:  a) precipitation

                                       b) formation of a weak electrolyte or water

                                       c) formation of a gas (it then escapes)

Writing equations:  Molecular form, complete ionic and net ionic, using (s), (l), (g), (aq);

         spectator ions.

Acids and Bases: 

Properties of each

Strong vs. weak  (Know the strong acids and bases.)

            Reactions of Acids and Bases to form salts and water (neutralization reaction)

Special cases of products:  H₂CO₃ always decomposes to form H₂O and CO₂

                                                 NH₄OH always decomposes to form H₂O and NH₃

Molarity

Molarity calculations:  finding M, moles, volume and grams.

Dilution calculations using Molarity

Stoichiometry calculations involving Molarity

Titration:  definition, standard solution, equivalence point, end point, indicators.

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Redox) – electrons transferred

Assigning Oxidation Numbers

Single Displacement (One type of Redox)

            Assigning Oxidation Numbers to Reactants and Products

            Writing molecular, complete and net ionic equations

            Using Activity Series to predict of Single Displacement Redox will occur